How To Start Jewelry Design Business And Make Profit [The Ultimate Guide]

Lot of people want to learn how to start a lucrative jewelry design business this year.

Are you one of them?

If YES, then this article is only what you need to read today.

Jewelry making is a viable low investment business for hands-on creative.

Jewelry consists of decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks.

Jewelry makers often use metals, precious stones, amber, coral, beads, shells and enamel to craft jewelry.

Jewelries can serve as a marker of social status and personal status, as with a wedding ring, as an artistic display and also as a carrier or symbol of personal meaning – such as love, mourning, a personal milestone or even luck.

A jewelry designer creates designs for mass production, or for pieces to be made individually or in small numbers by them or other craft workers.

It might seem impossible to become a jeweler designer or start a jewelry business without years of training and amazing art skills, but this is far from the truth

Starting a jewelry-making business comes with its own set of considerations and complications.

It’s a saturated market but there’s still space for newcomers.

A good number of men and ladies are currently making millions with jewelry business.

Beauty products are in good demand especially if it is women because real ladies don’t joke with anything that could make them look presentable and classy. This is where finely designed jewelries come in handy.

If you want to know how to make jewelry into a profitable business, this post is for you.

This article will help you to successfully start or improve your existing jewelry business in Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, UK, USA, Canada, Germany, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, India and perhaps anywhere else in the world.

Before we get into the core of this post, I’d like to tell you to grab some coffee or tea.

This is quite a long post and if you’re really interested in becoming a successful jewelry designer and starting your own jewelry business this year, you’ll definitely read to the end.

Steps to Becoming a Jewelry Designer with a Successful Business

1. Passion

You should have passion and be interested in the act of jewelry making, not looking at the monetary gains at the initial stage.

Aside showing interest, you also have to be creative and know if becoming a jeweler is right for you.

The first step to choosing a career is to make sure you are actually willing to commit to pursuing the career.

You don’t want to waste your time doing something you don’t want to do.

2. Know Your Niche and Target Market

Decide the category of jewelries you want to make. This is one important thing you need to do.

Try choosing a category of your interest.

Examples include:

  • Bracelets
  • Brooches
  • Chains
  • Crowns
  • Cufflinks
  • Earrings
  • Necklaces
  • Pendants
  • Rings

3. Acquire Training 

As an aspiring jeweler, enrolling in a jewelry design degree or program is good and if you plan to run your own business, you’ll need to include business courses to your curriculum, to prepare for branding, marketing, and selling your designs and creations.

While an apprenticeship or on-the-job training can sometimes be an alternative to formal education, the most common route to becoming a jeweler today involves a combination of both.

In case you decide not to attend college, you can still create a professional portfolio on your own.

The connections you make through your internship or apprenticeship will be vital as you pursue your career in fashion, and working with industry professionals will give you an opportunity to pick up important skills first-hand.

4. Have a Portfolio

Having a strong jewelry designers’ portfolio displaying your best work, skills and creativity is essential in order for you to show off your talent to potential employers, receive an internship, apprenticeship or entry-level position, a new job offer, or new customers, and it gives you the opportunity to stand out from the crowd because of your personal style and talent.

Use projects and tasks as opportunities to show off your originality and skills.

The jewelry that you add to the portfolio may include pieces you make for yourself or items that you have sold in your spare time.

Include your initial sketches of the designs that you craft and also ensure to use a high-quality binder to show that you take yourself seriously as a designer.

5. Study and Learn Fashion Business

In order to have a successful jewelry business in the long run, you must get educated about the business side of fashion.

You will need some basic knowledge of business and marketing, managerial and accounting acumen, strong communication skills, ability to organize production, get your collection in stores, and develop PR and a social media following.

If you’ve already undertaken a course but missed the marketing/financial side of things, consider doing short courses in these aspects of business.

Meet those who know the business, find out how it works and benefit from their experience.

Also try building solid relationships with a wide range of people such as manufacturers, investors, and buyers.

6. Employment (Job Search/Creation)

You might work in a retail store where you get a commission for your work, answering customers’ questions and designing pieces in a workshop on the premises.

You can also have a home studio where you craft jewelry and sell through an online retailer.

Your salary as a jewelry maker can depend on a range of factors.

You can create and sell your own jewelry online or at trade shows, so pay depends on moving the product.

7. Get Your Capital (Finance)

Compared to a lot of other traditional businesses, like starting a restaurant or a tech startup, becoming a jewelry designer doesn’t need to take huge investments of capital.

It all depends how big you want to start, and how your business is structured.

For instance, if you’re looking to open up your own boutique shop, a lot of money is going to go to rent, hiring employees, and stocking your showcases with jewelry.

When launching your own brand or business you can start small by using your room or house as a working place (office) in creating your first prototypes with small, relatively inexpensive stones.

The breadth of a jewelry designer’s job depends on whether you work in-house for a brand or set up on your own.

Mass production right away won’t be ideal if you don’t have enough capital.

Start small, grow from there and see what is successful

If you start your company online, you’ll spend a lot less money launching your collection.

If you’re looking to start off the business on a much bigger scale, you can draw up a business plan and look up for grants/loans around you.

8. Business Planning

Writing a business plan will be one of the best things you’d do for yourself.

A business plan for a small business enterprise can be seen as both an entrepreneur’s business ‘resume’ and its growth strategy.

The more you learn about the business side of things, the more you can concentrate on complex jewelry making.

If your initial startup funds do not cover your cost of living after paying your business overhead, you will need to keep some sort of job while starting your business.

A good business plan would help you:

  • Direct your business ideas.
  • Set goals and objectives, strategies and control measures.
  • Convince capitalists and other investors that you have isolated some beneficial growth business opportunities in all aspects possible.

9. Find a Mentor

For the investments you make, be strategic. It is important getting a mentor or team that has the experience you don’t have.

Find someone in the fashion industry that can answer questions for you as you start and grow your jewelry business.

10. Branding

Once you’ve established your products’ aesthetic and nailed your customer profile, it should be easier to identify an overall look that will define your brand.

Success as a newbie in any facet of the fashion industry depends on strong aesthetic, unique design/product, and consistent branding.

Before working with a designer to develop your branding and before designing individual pieces, run through a few exercises to define your overall signature.

Remember, branding is more than just the look of your brand. It also encompasses your voice, vision, and your brand story.

Get ideas from fashion and jewelry blogs – collect images, colors, and textures from nature, architecture, fashion, or travel, and then identify themes that emerge.

After establishing your presence within a small community as a jewelry maker, it will be imperative that you get a shop in an excellent location where you can showcase your business to the larger society, she advises.

11. Get a Good Business Location

As your business grows, you will need to expand and situate your business in a populated buzzing environment with moderate competition accessible to your target market.

12. Business Registration

Depending on your state, country, the laws and if you’re starting big, you may have to register your fashion design business with the agencies or commission and get your license or certificate to begin work.

13. Production and Materials

Developing your products by hand or in a factory, at home, or outsourced depends on the complexity of the design, price point, materials, and skill level.

Depending on materials and design, some methods of jewelry production may require specialized training/certification and expensive tools and materials.

14. Manufacturer Sourcing

A manufacturer who is genuinely excited to work with you and who understands that they may have to provide quick alterations is vital to your business.

Even if you are certain that your chosen manufacturer is trustworthy, be sure to have them sign a non-disclosure agreement (NDA).

By signing this agreement, they commit not to disclose information about your designs to third parties.

15. Price Your Products and Services Right

Learn how to fix the right prices for your products and services.

Ensure that the prices you set give you a nice profit.

Assign retail prices that are appropriate for the market you are targeting.

To position your retail prices correctly, it is important to research the retail prices of other comparable collections within your target market.

With this knowledge, you will determine your target costs, which you will use to get quotes from manufacturers.

16. Customers Insights

It takes a lot of gumption to start a business, and even with your passion in starting up a jewelry business, know your target market (i.e., who you’re making jewelry for).

It is essential to create and maintain a business atmosphere that has a reputation for providing topnotch operations that will keep your clients coming back for more.

Talk to and learn from your customers and test out which designs will sell best online and at trade shows.

Ensure that you make your clients feel valued and appreciated – focus on giving them the best experience each time.

Selling at trade shows and in boutiques, will enable you see how customers are actually interacting with your designs, which can dictate how you display and sell each piece.

If you do marketing right, you should have a solid understanding of how to work out your customers’ needs.

17. Stay Updated

Researching trends is one way to determine and validate your chosen direction.

The fashion industry changes from season to season, so it’s important for you as a designer to keep abreast of the trends.

Read fashion and jewelry blogs daily to stay on top of trends for each upcoming season.

Having a good grasp of what is trending will be enable you to focus on creating and trying out new designs.

18. Personal Promotion

Self-promotion is essential. Wear and showcase jewelries created by you as much as possible.

Learn how to use social media to your advantage by creating a strong visual identity and connect with journalists, clients and retailers.

Be mindful of your relationship with retailers: nurture them with personal meetings and use them to better target your designs.

19. Marketing

One sign of a successful jewelry business is customers, and promoting your business is a sure way to getting customers.

Fashion and jewelry are heavily saturated industries — how will customers hear your voice above the noise?

Facebook and Instagram are one of the best advertising platforms because of the enormous traffic.

Your marketing campaign should cover a maximum of a target audience.

Use all available means to advertise your business.

You can use word of mouth, start with Instagram influencers, bartering product for a dedicated post and promotion on reputable fashion blogs just like the one you’re reading now.

20. Build Your Online Storefront

Now that you have your products, branding, and photography nailed down, let’s put it all together.

Invest in a professional user-friendly website or online store. This is a necessary investment if you are serious about presenting your product to the world.

Tailor your website to the image you want to project.

Update the site frequently, with new pictures and new written content.

Never stop looking for new ways to improve the customer experience.

Always be transparent. Implement a generous return policy.

Product descriptions should reflect your brand story and include details like sizing, materials (important for metal allergies), and, if applicable, material sources.

21. Hiring, Workspace and Team

If you elect to make the jewelry in-house, you’ll need a good workshop space for you and your team.

As you scale your jewelry business, determine the parts of the operation you enjoy most and tap into your own strengths. Hire around those to fill in the gaps.

You can reach out to local universities with renowned fashion communication programs to find her interns.

You can look for interns interested in design people interested in the management side of running a fashion business.

This depends on how you plan to run your business. Do you want to be the one working there, or you want to employ fashion designers that will work for you and give you daily or weekly returns?

Whichever it is, you must be ready to deliver the best quality services to customers that come around.

It is essential to note that hiring only qualified, well-trained and highly skilled designers, stylists and other personnel to your shop is indispensable to ensure the success of your business.

It is also your duty as the owner to make sure that your personnel are well trained and that they have a total understanding of each service offered.

Professionalism must be a yardstick of your business and of your staff.

22. Clients Satisfaction

As to getting designs that will attract customers, creativity is the major player.

Sometimes, when you get to know your clients, you could think of designs that are suitable to them, taking into cognisance their physical looks and what they like.

You could also come up with a unique design from your imagination that is not common.

There should be competence and excellent customer service in your business.

Ensure that you make your clients feel valued and appreciated – focus on giving them the best experience each time.

Different occasions and outfits call for unique designs, ranging from wedding, corporate, casual outing, dinner party and so on.

At every point in time, you have to know what your client needs it for.

23. Plan for Finding New Customers and keeping Them

When a customer’s likes and buy your designs, they usually become repeat clients.

Have a referral system for your customers to earn discounts on purchase or gifts by referring new friends to patronize your designs and services.

This system keeps making them market for you since it’s a win-win situation.


Benefits of Starting a Jewelry Business

These are some benefits of starting a jewelry business.

  • Jewelry making is so wonderful because it turns creativity into pure profit. You can make a good income daily, weekly and monthly.
  • From this business with proper planning, focus and saving you can open other fashion-related business like shoes, head ties, lace materials and even beautification business as you may have grown to understand color mixtures for different occasions increasing the number of your streams of income.
  • It allows you to unleash your creative potentials which can take you farther than you would have imagined.
  • You’ll become happy and more confident once you have become established.
  • You’ll relish the unique daily interactions with clients and will be immensely proud to understand that your creations will outlive you by many generations.

Challenges Encountered in Jewelry Business

There are still some challenges you may encounter as a jewelry designer or when starting up your own business. They include:

Financial Difficulties

Producing fine jewelry costs money, so you’ll need to have a budget set aside for manufacturing costs. But opening your e-commerce store, getting started on social media and retail outreach will have relatively low cost in terms of your time and money.

Competition

There is no business without competition, so be ready to compete fiercely but healthy.

Competition in this business is expected to increase, so jewelry makers with extensive experience or education in the field should do the best.

Criticism

As with most artistic careers, jewelry designers’ creations will be scrutinized and critiqued by colleagues, as well as clients, so a tenacious personality is important.

Tips in Excelling in Your Jewelry Business

As profitable this business is, they’re certain things you must put effort to avoid because they can hinder your progress.

  • Be creative, social and always available.
  • Be organized, focused and polite to customers no matter the cost.
  • Know and learn how to price your products and services correctly.
  • Don’t cut corners when employing staffs. Under qualified staffs will ruin your business and image.
  • Offer professional advice when customers choose styles that may not fit them. If you keep shut and it goes wrong, it falls back on you.
  • To run a business successfully, make sure that your company is financially sound. Acquire enough funds to meet your routine business requirements and other expenses for many months.
  • Having a line dedicated as a customer care line is very important so that your customers can reach you for an enquiry, bookings, complains and other details.
  • Make your business place as homely as possible. Ensure all your customers are comfortable while been attended to or waiting to be serviced. It keeps them coming back.
  • Run promos to bring in more customers.
  • Study the Masters, to understand what makes fine jewelry.
  • Participate in gem and jewelry shows.
  • Create a cohesive collection to present to retailers.
  • Learn and get creative ideas from your competitors.
  • Create and post quality jewelry making tutorial videos on online video sharing sites that your target customers are likely to visit. It is also advisable to post details about your business alongside your tutorial.
  • Don’t be afraid of growth. Always try to make your brand more visible and market on a national scale.
  • You’ll never stop having new challenges, but the more of them you face; the better you’ll know how to roll with the punches.
  • The one option for a unique and creative style is to be guided by your imagination and creativity because possibilities on what you can do in the process of jewelry making are endless.
  • Do things a bit differently from where you learn the trade, be unique. Be open to suggestions from your customers to be and don’t dictate for your new customers as that sometimes puts them off.
  • You can market handmade creations through a website, at craft fairs, local boutiques, homes, parties, workplaces, schools, churches and a host of other outlets.
  • Be Generous. Offer to make free jewelries for some of your friends and have them tell others about your business. Do it often but be wise not to be taken for granted.
  • Be business minded. Attend important events in a well-dressed manner with enough jewelries decorations that matched with your wears. If you receive a wedding invitation card, study the color dress codes and come up with jewelries that speak volume about the occasion and tell others beforehand.
  • This design field is very competitive and some vacancies are not advertised, so it is useful to build networks and make contacts within the industry by attending trade fairs and exhibitions, for example.
  • Drawing and computer design skills will help you visualize your ideas and share them with your clients and customers.
  • Creating jewelry requires concentration and patience. You’ll need to pay close attention to minor details.
  • Have the ability to imagine how something might look after its shape is altered or when its parts are rearranged.
  • Many jewelry materials are valuable; being trustworthy is a very important quality in a jeweler.
  • Use free or affordable CAD tools to design original jewelry and improve your skills.
  • Be financially aware: start with a small production, support yourself with bespoke orders, make your own prototypes and find people with the experience you don’t have.
  • When applying for a job, your portfolio should showcase your technical, manual and creative skills as well as your thought process.
  • Do your research and keep up-to-date with industry news.
  • Communication is important. As a jewelry designer you will be required to work with artisans, so practice explaining your thought process and concepts in a clear and concise manner.
  • Because creative jobs are often based on your connections, learning how to network within the industry can mean the difference between success and failure.
  • Ongoing professional development, either through continuing education or affiliations in industry associations, is also prerequisites for a successful career in this field.

Final Words

Starting your own jewelry business may seem daunting at first, but the effort will be worth it once your shop is bustling with loyal customers.

xosotin chelseathông tin chuyển nhượngcâu lạc bộ bóng đá arsenalbóng đá atalantabundesligacầu thủ haalandUEFAevertonxosofutebol ao vivofutemaxmulticanaisonbetbóng đá world cupbóng đá inter milantin juventusbenzemala ligaclb leicester cityMUman citymessi lionelsalahnapolineymarpsgronaldoserie atottenhamvalenciaAS ROMALeverkusenac milanmbappenapolinewcastleaston villaliverpoolfa cupreal madridpremier leagueAjaxbao bong da247EPLbarcelonabournemouthaff cupasean footballbên lề sân cỏbáo bóng đá mớibóng đá cúp thế giớitin bóng đá ViệtUEFAbáo bóng đá việt namHuyền thoại bóng đágiải ngoại hạng anhSeagametap chi bong da the gioitin bong da lutrận đấu hôm nayviệt nam bóng đátin nong bong daBóng đá nữthể thao 7m24h bóng đábóng đá hôm naythe thao ngoai hang anhtin nhanh bóng đáphòng thay đồ bóng đábóng đá phủikèo nhà cái onbetbóng đá lu 2thông tin phòng thay đồthe thao vuaapp đánh lô đềdudoanxosoxổ số giải đặc biệthôm nay xổ sốkèo đẹp hôm nayketquaxosokq xskqxsmnsoi cầu ba miềnsoi cau thong kesxkt hôm naythế giới xổ sốxổ số 24hxo.soxoso3mienxo so ba mienxoso dac bietxosodientoanxổ số dự đoánvé số chiều xổxoso ket quaxosokienthietxoso kq hôm nayxoso ktxổ số megaxổ số mới nhất hôm nayxoso truc tiepxoso ViệtSX3MIENxs dự đoánxs mien bac hom nayxs miên namxsmientrungxsmn thu 7con số may mắn hôm nayKQXS 3 miền Bắc Trung Nam Nhanhdự đoán xổ số 3 miềndò vé sốdu doan xo so hom nayket qua xo xoket qua xo so.vntrúng thưởng xo sokq xoso trực tiếpket qua xskqxs 247số miền nams0x0 mienbacxosobamien hôm naysố đẹp hôm naysố đẹp trực tuyếnnuôi số đẹpxo so hom quaxoso ketquaxstruc tiep hom nayxổ số kiến thiết trực tiếpxổ số kq hôm nayso xo kq trực tuyenkết quả xổ số miền bắc trực tiếpxo so miền namxổ số miền nam trực tiếptrực tiếp xổ số hôm nayket wa xsKQ XOSOxoso onlinexo so truc tiep hom nayxsttso mien bac trong ngàyKQXS3Msố so mien bacdu doan xo so onlinedu doan cau loxổ số kenokqxs vnKQXOSOKQXS hôm naytrực tiếp kết quả xổ số ba miềncap lo dep nhat hom naysoi cầu chuẩn hôm nayso ket qua xo soXem kết quả xổ số nhanh nhấtSX3MIENXSMB chủ nhậtKQXSMNkết quả mở giải trực tuyếnGiờ vàng chốt số OnlineĐánh Đề Con Gìdò số miền namdò vé số hôm nayso mo so debach thủ lô đẹp nhất hôm naycầu đề hôm naykết quả xổ số kiến thiết toàn quốccau dep 88xsmb rong bach kimket qua xs 2023dự đoán xổ số hàng ngàyBạch thủ đề miền BắcSoi Cầu MB thần tàisoi cau vip 247soi cầu tốtsoi cầu miễn phísoi cau mb vipxsmb hom nayxs vietlottxsmn hôm naycầu lô đẹpthống kê lô kép xổ số miền Bắcquay thử xsmnxổ số thần tàiQuay thử XSMTxổ số chiều nayxo so mien nam hom nayweb đánh lô đề trực tuyến uy tínKQXS hôm nayxsmb ngày hôm nayXSMT chủ nhậtxổ số Power 6/55KQXS A trúng roycao thủ chốt sốbảng xổ số đặc biệtsoi cầu 247 vipsoi cầu wap 666Soi cầu miễn phí 888 VIPSoi Cau Chuan MBđộc thủ desố miền bắcthần tài cho sốKết quả xổ số thần tàiXem trực tiếp xổ sốXIN SỐ THẦN TÀI THỔ ĐỊACầu lô số đẹplô đẹp vip 24hsoi cầu miễn phí 888xổ số kiến thiết chiều nayXSMN thứ 7 hàng tuầnKết quả Xổ số Hồ Chí Minhnhà cái xổ số Việt NamXổ Số Đại PhátXổ số mới nhất Hôm Nayso xo mb hom nayxxmb88quay thu mbXo so Minh ChinhXS Minh Ngọc trực tiếp hôm nayXSMN 88XSTDxs than taixổ số UY TIN NHẤTxs vietlott 88SOI CẦU SIÊU CHUẨNSoiCauVietlô đẹp hôm nay vipket qua so xo hom naykqxsmb 30 ngàydự đoán xổ số 3 miềnSoi cầu 3 càng chuẩn xácbạch thủ lônuoi lo chuanbắt lô chuẩn theo ngàykq xo-solô 3 càngnuôi lô đề siêu vipcầu Lô Xiên XSMBđề về bao nhiêuSoi cầu x3xổ số kiến thiết ngày hôm nayquay thử xsmttruc tiep kết quả sxmntrực tiếp miền bắckết quả xổ số chấm vnbảng xs đặc biệt năm 2023soi cau xsmbxổ số hà nội hôm naysxmtxsmt hôm nayxs truc tiep mbketqua xo so onlinekqxs onlinexo số hôm nayXS3MTin xs hôm nayxsmn thu2XSMN hom nayxổ số miền bắc trực tiếp hôm naySO XOxsmbsxmn hôm nay188betlink188 xo sosoi cầu vip 88lô tô việtsoi lô việtXS247xs ba miềnchốt lô đẹp nhất hôm naychốt số xsmbCHƠI LÔ TÔsoi cau mn hom naychốt lô chuẩndu doan sxmtdự đoán xổ số onlinerồng bạch kim chốt 3 càng miễn phí hôm naythống kê lô gan miền bắcdàn đề lôCầu Kèo Đặc Biệtchốt cầu may mắnkết quả xổ số miền bắc hômSoi cầu vàng 777thẻ bài onlinedu doan mn 888soi cầu miền nam vipsoi cầu mt vipdàn de hôm nay7 cao thủ chốt sốsoi cau mien phi 7777 cao thủ chốt số nức tiếng3 càng miền bắcrồng bạch kim 777dàn de bất bạion newsddxsmn188betw88w88789bettf88sin88suvipsunwintf88five8812betsv88vn88Top 10 nhà cái uy tínsky88iwinlucky88nhacaisin88oxbetm88vn88w88789betiwinf8betrio66rio66lucky88oxbetvn88188bet789betMay-88five88one88sin88bk88xbetoxbetMU88188BETSV88RIO66ONBET88188betM88M88SV88Jun-68Jun-88one88iwinv9betw388OXBETw388w388onbetonbetonbetonbet88onbet88onbet88onbet88onbetonbetonbetonbetqh88mu88Nhà cái uy tínpog79vp777vp777vipbetvipbetuk88uk88typhu88typhu88tk88tk88sm66sm66me88me888live8live8livesm66me88win798livesm66me88win79pog79pog79vp777vp777uk88uk88tk88tk88luck8luck8kingbet86kingbet86k188k188hr99hr99123b8xbetvnvipbetsv66zbettaisunwin-vntyphu88vn138vwinvwinvi68ee881xbetrio66zbetvn138i9betvipfi88clubcf68onbet88ee88typhu88onbetonbetkhuyenmai12bet-moblie12betmoblietaimienphi247vi68clupcf68clupvipbeti9betqh88onb123onbefsoi cầunổ hũbắn cáđá gàđá gàgame bàicasinosoi cầuxóc đĩagame bàigiải mã giấc mơbầu cuaslot gamecasinonổ hủdàn đềBắn cácasinodàn đềnổ hũtài xỉuslot gamecasinobắn cáđá gàgame bàithể thaogame bàisoi cầukqsssoi cầucờ tướngbắn cágame bàixóc đĩaAG百家乐AG百家乐AG真人AG真人爱游戏华体会华体会im体育kok体育开云体育开云体育开云体育乐鱼体育乐鱼体育欧宝体育ob体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育开云体育开云体育棋牌棋牌沙巴体育买球平台新葡京娱乐开云体育mu88qh88

Ayodeji Kolawole

My name is Ayodeji Kolawole. Please note that I am not in any way affiliated with any company you read about on this blog. For more info email me on admin@ayokola.com.ng

View all posts by Ayodeji Kolawole →

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *